Salomea Regina Rusiecka (1718 – after 1760)
is the first female doctor from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
The 300th anniversary of Salomea is noted
in the list of memorable dates of UNESCO for 2018.
She is known under a great variety of names: Salomea, Salomée, or Salomėja. In her memoir, she referred to herself as Salomea, but she signed the dedication as Regina. Her maiden name is mentioned as Rusiecki, Rusiecka, Ruseckaitė, Rusieckich. Halpir or Halpirowa is her second name from the first marriage. Her name from the second marriage is rendered as Pilstein, Pilsztyn, Pilsztynowa, Pilštyniova, or Pichelstein.
Salomea Rusiecka is doctor, traveler, adventurer. Did she really exist or perhaps this is just a literary character? What is known about her life is known from her memoirs "Proceder podróży i życia mego awantur" (My Life's Travels and Adventures) written in 1760, which represent a unique example of travel memoir and example of the women's literature.
Salomea traveled a lot in Europe, the Russian Empire and the Middle East to make her living treating people.
We will try to make the same trip with our heroine, to visit the same places, to see them with her eyes, to meet with those people with whom she met, to dip in this epoch and the way of life.
Have a nice journey!


The title page and the 1st page of the Salomea Rusiecka’s notes





Modern editions of the Salomea Rusiecka’s book
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Salomea was born near Navahrudak, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in the family of Joachim Rusiecki who belonged to petty nobility. She was very brave girl.
Navahrudak. Pictures by N. Orda
At the age of 14 she was married off to a German Lutheran oculist Dr. Jacob Halpir. The couple moved to Constantinople, Ottoman Empire, where Dr. Halpir practiced medicine and had many clients.
Turkey
Istanbul was a major trading center of the Ottoman Empire. The harbor in the Golden Horn was considered one of the best in the world. The high steep minarets, chic palaces, shining streams of fountains decorated this great and beautiful city. The city was famous for bazaars, caravansaries, and was distinguished by multilingual crowds of people.
Istanbul in the 18st century
Fountain and Hagia Sophia in Instambul
by U. Bartlet, 1839Turkish bazaar
Mahmud I (1696–1754)
Salomea was taught by her husband and assisted him in his operations eventually becoming an accomplished doctor herself, specializing in cataract surgery. Her status as a female doctor helped her find female patients. Salomea never received any formal training in medicine.
The success of the Halpir family caused envy among other doctors. One day the sultan's chaush, treating by Dr. Halpir, died. The chaush's relatives desired to execute a doctor, but Salomea persuaded them not to do this and be satisfied with money compensation. The woman didn’t quiet till she proved her husband's guiltlessness.
Later, her husband was taken ill and died. Salomea was left alone together with their 2-year-old daughter. After a long illness, Salomea thought to return to her native land, and after a while she went to Adrianople together with her little daughter Constance.
Adrianople in the 18st century
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After Adrianople, Salomea visited the Bulgarian cities: Yambul, Tatar Pazardzhik, Filibe. In those times this territory belonged to the Ottoman Empire.
Filibe (Plovdiv). 1885
The attack of robbers on the road
(from the medieval engraving)In Bulgaria she treated noble family, which paid her a lot. To get to Sofia, it was necessary to cross the Balkan Mountains. Salomea bought a horse, put on the Turkish men's clothes and hit the road. On her way, she joined the trade caravan, because it was dangerous to go alone: the Sary-Hussein’s gang were raging in the mountains. Salomea tells in her memoirs how she happened to meet this bandit who needed her help. He took her to the town of Karlovo to his family, and she was accepted very well at his house.
Some time later the robber thanked the woman and let her go with a honorary escort to Sofia, where she enlisted at the pasture’s harem.
The Sofia cityscape by G. Quarenghi. Late 18th – early 19th centuries
Harem
There was an Italian physician, through which she learned to write prescriptions in Latin, took place more or less systematic course of medical training.
Fate brought her to the city of Vidin, the main outpost of the Turks in some parts of Bulgaria.
Vidin
Prince Rakoczy (1700–1738)
The Vidin pasha Hayvaz Mehmet asked her to treat the Transylvanian prince Rakoczy.
Prince Rakoczy felt in love with her, but she denied his love.
Then the prince decided to punish an unapproachable woman and wrote a denunciation, accusing her of spying for Austria. Salomea had to escape to Turkey under threat of death. Together with her daughter and servants she sailed down the Danube to Ruse on a random ship.
The Ruse cityscape with minarets. 1824
One night she was captured, but her skills saved her life: she treated the local treasurer’s sick son. No doctor could help him.
Salomea got freedom and permission to go to Russia. Her aim was to buy out captured Turks.
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Nesvizh
Michal Kazimierz Radziwill Rybenko (1702–1762) by uknown artist
On the way to Russia, Salomea married for the second time in Dubna (Ukraine) with Jozef Pilshtyn, officer, whom she took up from Turkish captivity. The Prince Radziwill got acquainted with Salomea and took her as the doctor in Nyasvizh.
After a while Salomea decided to visit St. Petersburg. The Prince Radziwill did not agree to let go the doctor, saying that she was an ordinary woman, the Empress would not want to talk. But Salomea could achieve her aims and the Prince Radziwill finally gave her permission to go to Russia.
The Radziwill Palace in Nesvizh by Napoleon Orda
On the way she passed Vilna, Riga, Narva, where she got acquainted with interesting people and treated new patients.
Vilna
Vilna Castle by F. Smuglevich. 1785
Riga
In 18th century Riga has almost completely retained its medieval image
Narva
The Narva cityscape in the middle of the 18th century
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After her arrive to St. Petersburg, Salomea Rusiecka settled on Vasilyevsky Island in the home of the labor foreman Semyon Karaulov on the recommendation of his sister, Maria, whom she met in Narva.
Vasilyevsky Island by A. Zubov. 1714
Vasilyevsky Island. View from the Palace Quay by B. Patersen. 1799
Sheremetiev Palace
Salomea liked a lot the North capital. In her memoirs she wrote a lot about the St. Petersburg, russian traditions, people. She admired pleasant and polite inhabitants of St. Petersburg, order and purity in the streets, low prices, new manufactories.
View of the Church of St. Isaac, the floating bridge and the building of the Twelve Collegiums from the Kunstkamera Tower by O. Elliger. Early 1730s
The Princess Maria Cherkaskaya, wife of the Prime Minister of the Empress Alexei Cherkasky, employed Salomea and helped her to get an audience with Empress.
Alexey Cherkassky by I. Argunov
Maria Cherkasskaya by I. Argunov
Portrait of Empress Anna Ioannovna (1693–1750)
by Louis CaravaqueThe Princess did not use Salomea for common labour, and always took her in a the carriage. At the Russian court Salomea has witnessed many events and intrigues and rumors. One day Salomea treated cataracts of laundress, which helped to get an appointment to the Empress.
Winter Palace in St. Petersburg: the residence of the Empress Anna Ioannovna
View of the Old Winter Palace and the Admiralty. Engraving from images by M. Makhaev. 1750s
Salamea earned the respect of the Russian nobility, and she sincerely loved this country. When it came time to go forward, Empress Anna gave her 1,000 rubles on the way, a set of silver goblets, fabrics, and instead of the two captured Turks ordered to return four.
From St. Petersburg across Narva, Revel, Riga, Birzhy, Vilkomir, Vilnius and so on she came to Korelichi near Novogrudok. The young woman bored quickly. Salomea didn’t like this quiet, measured way of life.
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She found a reason to leave the village: she decided to go to the husband’s relatives with the hope to get a monetary penalty for a ransom of Turks from Turkish captivity. And, despite the fact that she was pregnant, she set off (through Poland, Silesia, Moravia, Austria) to the Stainbichl town, as the Kamna Gorica was called in German.
Kamna Gorica by I. Valvasor. 1679
Kamna Gorica. The today’s cityscape
After the rest in Kamna Gorica during a month and a half, but without any earnings, the tireless traveler went to Vienna. She also had hope to receive compensation from the Emperor Charles VI.
Vienna
Vienna in 18th century
Vienna didn’t impress Salomea at first. In the Salomea’s imagining it was worse comparing to St. Petersburg. Furthermore her financial situation only worsened. Many times she was at the reception of the Emperor and in the palace of the Empress, they always received her well and promised to help, but everything was in vain.
Due to the knowledge of Turkish language and traditions she began to treat in the family of Turkish Ambassador Gianna Alibi Effendi. The Salomea’s popularity grew and all the Austrian court addressed to the female doctor to get treatment. Life was coming right. She was getting money, meeting new people, getting new impressions, she gave birth to boy.
St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna by K. Schutz. 1779
The Vienna’s cityscape from the Belvedere
by B. Belotto. 1758–1761Belvedere Palace in Vienna
by K. Shvets. 1940s
Интересны рассказы Саломеи об императорской семье, о смерти императора Карла, которая случилась во время ее пребывания в Вене, о его дочери Марии-Терезии – следующей императрице.
Charles VI (1685-1740), Holy Roman Emperor by F. Solimena
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1691–1750), Empress of the Holy Roman Empire by R. Carriera
Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina (1717–1780), Empress of the Holy Roman Empire by by M. van Meytens
But Salomea wanted to move on. She went to Olmouc where she spent spent some days.
Olmouc. Engraving. 1724
Wroclaw by G. Probst. 1760
The King of Prussia Frederick II (1712–1786) by A. Pesne. About 1745
Then she took to the road to Wroclaw through Alva, where she met and was impressed by the Prussian army.
She did not even stop when she knew that her way ran across the war-torn lands. Salomea could achieve an audience with Frederick II and asked him to give her passport.
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Desire for adventures and the need to earn drove Salomea from country to country, from city to city. So she went from place to place: Poland and Silesia, Bulgaria, Moldova. She treated patients in Lviv, Kamenetz-Podolsk, Bucharest, Jassy, Kiev, Warsaw, Dubna, Khotyn, Lublin etc. She was proving again and again that she always had a "pair of loaded pistols".
Lviv by S. Razvadovsky, S. Yanovsky. 1772
The Kamenetz-Podolsk cityscape and the fortress from the east side by E. Koshkin. 1794
Vintage engraving of Bucharest
The Kiev cityscape
The Jassy city. Engraving by G. Bodenehr. First half of the 18th century
The Warsaw cityscape from the Royal Castle terrace by B. Belotto. 1773
Dubno by N. Orda
Engraving of the Khotyn Fortress. 1780
Lublin in the early 18th century. The cityscape by unknown artist in the Dominican Church
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In many years Salomea back in Istanbul, the city where she spent her youth. The Salomea's position in Turkish society strengthened. She was not more considered as a foreigner. She became a doctor in a sultan’s harem.
Dance in a harem by Y. Delincourt
In her memoirs, Salomea explained the Sultan's yard arrangement, talked about the customs and traditions of the Sultan's family, the untold wealth of Turkish palaces, and left various stories about the Sultan Mustafa III’s court.
The Divan Meeting
Mustafa III (1717–1774)
Salomea gave interesting information about the Turkey’s life, described the customs of various nationalities and faiths of the country, told about life in Istanbul in a fascinating way.
Salomea also told the story of the Cathedral of St. Sophia (Hagia Sophia) foundation.The Hagia Sophia by A. Reland. 1719
Hagia Sophia is the former Greek Orthodox Christian patriarchal cathedral, later a mosque and now a museum, a world famous monument of Byzantine architecture, a symbol of the "golden age" of Byzantium. The official name of the monument today is Hagia Sophia Museum.
The Hagia Sophia by Fossati brothers. 1852
The Hagia Sophia by Fossati brothers. 1852
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In 1760 Salomea began to prepare to the trip to Holy Land as a pilgrim. Before that she gave a significant part of her property to the poor Christians and Turks.
Antique lithograph "Holy Land" by D. Roberts, L. Haghe, J. Crowley. 1855
View of ancient Jerusalem by A. Ilzner. 1862
We do not know whether she effectuated het intent or not and as well as the further fate of this courageous and unusual woman is unknown.
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At the end of the book there are some reflection on various religions, as well as fascinating stories heard from other people are noted. Salomea wanted to write a special medicine book.
The Salomea Rusiecka’s memoirs represent is a rich and interesting source on the history and geography of the peoples of several countries. The reader will be able not only to learn about the life of a doctor-traveler, but also get an image of the middle of the 18th century, to meet culture, traditions and certain historical events.
Travel map of Salome Rusiecki from the book
"Avantury Maygo zhytstsya" by S. Pilshtynova. Minsk, 1993
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Portrait of Salomea Rusiecka by E. Kulik. 1989
The wall tear-off calendar. Minsk, 2018
Album-atlas about Belarusian geographers and adventurers,
illustrated by A.L. Zhelezkin. Minsk, 1999
«Chatyry gistoryi Salamei» by Sergey Kovalev. Minsk, 2013
Bookmark «Salamea Rusiecka-Pilshtyn». Minsk, 2015
«Salamea» from the book of lyrics «Kahanne»
by Raisa Borovikova. Minsk, 1987
«Balada Salamei Pilshtynovay» from the book
«Prosa i Paeziya Agnu» by Victor Shnip. Minsk, 2010
«Vandrouki lekarki z Navagradka» by Ales Martinovich from the book «Zernye da zernya».
Minsk, 1996
«Avantury Salamei Rusetskay» from the book
«Za Brahmay zabyty melodiy» by Vladimir Moroz. Minsk, 2004
A scene from the «Salamea and I yaye amaraty» spectacle based on a play by S. Kovalev on the stage of the Minsk Regional Drama Theater in Molodechno, 1996.
Directed by R. Talipov.
In the role of Salomea: Irina Klepatskaya,
In the role of Pilshtyn: Andrey Bubashkin
Poster of the «Salamea Rusetskaya» play based on the S. Kovalev's play “Chatyry Gistoryi Salamei”. Brest Regional Drama and Music Theater. Brest, 1999.
Directed by A. Bakirov.Scene from the play.
Salomea: Tamara Levchuk,
Ayse: Natalia Lobko
Scenes from the play “Salome” based on the play based on the S. Kovalev's play “Chatyry Gistoryi Salamei”. National Academic Theater named after Yanka Kupala. Minsk, 2001. Directed by A. Gartsuev.
In the role of Salomea: Zoya Belohvostik
Theatrical performance in the framework of the round table
«Persons from the Navahrudak Land: Salomea Regina Rusetskaya»
in the Novogrudok district library. March 23, 2018
A book exhibition dedicated to the Day of Women and the 300th anniversary of the first ever Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth woman doctor Salomea Rusiecka. National Library of Belarus,
March 8 – April 3, 2018
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