Shooting sports are divided into rifle shooting (pneumatic, small-caliber and large-caliber), rifle shooting at a moving target and pistol shooting. Shooting is conducted at various distances. The athlete shoots from a prone position, standing and from three positions (lying, standing, and from the kneeling position).
The history of firearms is closely connected with the invention of gunpowder. In the second half of the 13th century gunpowder was brought to Europe and immediately began to be used in battles.
The first samples of firearms were primitive guns. Over time, their size was reduced so that the gun could be lifted and carried in the hands of one person. So-called manual artillery appeared. Guns (culverins, hand canons and harquebuses) were charged from the side of the barrel. Round balls from stone, then from iron or lead were used as bullets.
Harquebuses and hand canons, 16th c.
Book Узбраенне насельніцтва беларускіх зямель у XIV–XVI стагоддзях
The design of weapons and ammunition was constantly complicated, until finally it acquired a modern look.
The first documented shooting competitions were held in 1432 in the German city of Augsburg. The tournament in Switzerland is known since 1452, which later became the country's championship in shooting from all types of sports weapons.
National shooting championships are held in England since 1860, in France since 1864, in America since 1873.
In 1896, rifle and pistol shooting competitions were included in the program of the Olympic Games. Since 1897, the world championships in this sport are held.
In 1907, the International Union of National Shooting Federations and Associations (FR L’Union Internationale des Fédérations et Associations nationals de Tir) was created. Since 1998, it has operated under the name of the International Sport Shooting Federation, ISSF.
Shooting is a difficult sport. The shooter needs not only a perfect shooting technique, but also the ability to control their emotions. Sport shooting helps to develop perseverance, composure and patience.
In the 1920s, the All-Union System of Universal Military Training (Vseobuch) emerged, an important component of which was gunfire. The workers of Minsk, Vitebsk, Mogilev, Gomel and other Belarusian cities took part in the Vseuobuch events.
The shooters could improve their skills in the shooting galleries of the Belarusian physical culture and sports society Dynamo, created in 1923.
In 1927, the Union of Friends of Defense and Aviation-Chemical Construction (Osoaviakhim) of the BSSR was established, where basic shooting skills were taught.
Rifle and pistol shooting was part of the All-Union physical culture training program Ready for Labor and Defense. In 1932, the USSR Osoaviakhim approved the Regulations on the badge Voroshilov Sharpshooter (Russian: Ворошиловский стрелок). In 1934, more than 25 thousand Belarusian amateur sportsmen became “Voroshilov Shooters”.
After the Great Patriotic War, sports and rifle circles and sections opened at the BSSR enterprises and educational institutions.
In 1946, rifle and pistol shooting units appeared in the sports schools of Brest and Grodno. The shooting section began to work in the Grodno branch of the sports society Dynamo.
The sports club of the Belarusian Military District, founded in 1946, played a significant role in the training of sportsmen-shooters.
In 1951, the Voluntary Society of Assistance to the Army, Aviation and Fleet (DOSAAF) of the BSSR was established. With its support, a shooting-sports club was opened in Minsk in 1966, and a youth sports school for shooting sports appeared in 1970.
In the 1970s, a sports and shooting complex was built in Minsk with the participation of specialists of the militarized construction enterprise Institute Voenproekt named after Marshal Tymoshenko.
The well-known coaches, Boris Grin, Oleg Pishchukevich, Nikolay Sekerin, Eduard Yarosh, and also Vasily Kovalenko, the inventor of removable shooting targets, made a great contribution to the development of shooting sports. They have prepared a whole galaxy of talented athletes:
- Igor Bakalov, the champion and prize-winner of the world championships, prize-winner of the European championship, the champion and prize-winner of the championships of the USSR. He also coached Rajiv Gandhi’s bodyguards in India;
- Alexander Gazov, the champion of the 1976 Olympics of and the prize-winner of the 1980 Olympic Games, the champion and prize-winner of the world championships and the USSR, the champion of Europe. He modernized the German rifle Walter and was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor;
- Alexander Kedyarov, the prize-winner of the 1976 Olympic, the champion and prize-winner of the world championships, Europe and the USSR;
- Anatoly Klimenko, the champion and medalist of the world championships and the USSR;
- Georgy Nekhaev, the world champion, prize-winner of European championships, the champion and prize-winner of the USSR championships;
- Sergey Luzov, the champion and prize-winner of the world championships and the USSR;
- Konstantin Lukashik, the Honored Master of Sports of the USSR, champion of the 1992 Olympic Games, repeated winner of the World and European Championships;
- Vitaly Parkhimovich, the prize-winner of the 1968 Olympic Games, the champion and prize-winner of the World Championships, Europe and the USSR;
- Victor Torshin, the Olympic medalist in 1972, champion and medalist of world and European championships, the twelvefold champion of the USSR. He was awarded the medal For Labor Valor;
- Irina Shilova, the champion of the 1988 Olympic Games, champion and medalist of the world championships, multiple champion of the USSR, the Honorary Citizen of Grodno. She was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor.
Rifle and pistol shooting is developing most rapidly in Brest, Grodno, Minsk Regions and the city of Minsk.
The shooting gallery of Brest Regional Complex Olympic Reserve Center is on the list of facilities built at the initiative of the President of the Republic of Belarus. The center hosts the annual international tournament named after Vladimir Khotko, who for a long time headed this institution.
The city of Grodno is striving to become the “bullet capital of the country”, and the local shooting school is considered one of the best not only in Belarus, but also in the world. Grodno hosts national and international competitions including the annual Open Cup of the Republic of Belarus in memory of Viktor Torshin, and the primacy in memory of the Honored Coach of the USSR and the Republic of Belarus, Boris Grin. The tournament Grodno sniper (Russan: Гродненский снайпер) is held for amateur athletes. Shooting galleries are equipped not only in sports schools, but also in institutions and organizations.
Grodno shooting tournament among amateurs
http://s13.ru/
Shooting sports competitions in Grodno Regional Clinical Hospital
http://gocb.by
Shooting sports sections operate in Borisov, Slutsk, Maryina Gorka and other cities of Minsk Region.
The modernized Sports and Shooting Complex named after Marshal Tymoshenko operates in Minsk. Its equipment meets ISSF standards that allow holding international-level tournaments.
The Sports and Shooting Complex named after Marshal Tymoshenko
Magazine Спортtime
Igor Basinsky, Sergei Martynov, Anatoly Klimenko and other titled masters convey their experience to young Belarusian riflemen.
Vasily Kovalenko, in addition to coaching, is engaged in scientific and methodological activities. He is the author of the books Targets in the Fire Zone (Russian: В зоне огня – мишени), Shooting Sports (Russian: Пулевая стрельба), and History of Shooting Sports in Belarus (Russian: История пулевой стрельбы в Беларуси).
Georgy Nekhaev is a sports analyst at the International Federation of Shooting Sports.
Alexander Kedyarov conducts research work and publishes articles in periodicals.
The Belarusian athletes have repeatedly become the winners of many prestigious competitions:
- Igor Bassinsky is the four-time Olympic medalist, multiple winner and medalist of world and European championships, Honored Coach of the Republic of Belarus. He was awarded the medal For Labor Merit, the Order Badge of Honor and is among the most titled athletes of the Republic of Belarus;
- Yuri Dolgopolov is the champion of Belarus, the prize-winner of the European championships and the World Cup;
- Lolita Evglevskaya is the Olympic medalist in 2000, European champion, world championship medalist;
- Olga Tretyak is the world champion and medalist, European champion;
- Ilya Chergeiko is the European champion, world championship medalist;
- Yuri Shcherbatsevich is the European champion, winner of the World and European Championships.
Sergei Martynov was elected a standard-bearer of the Belarusian sports delegation at the opening of the 2016Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. His sporting achievements are marked on the Olympic Glory Stella in Brest.
Sergey Martynov, the standard bearer of the national team at the 2016 Olympics
Magazine Спортtime
Belarusian athletes rank high among the strongest shooters in the world. As of 2019, Vitaly Bubnovich is the 7th in small-caliber rifle shooting from three positions, Victoria Chaika is on the 10th place in air pistol shooting, Ilya Chergeiko is the 11th in air rifle shooting.
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus pay attention to the development of shooting sports. The agency is a member of the International Military Sports Council, IMSC (FR Conseil International du Sport Militaire, CISM), which unites military service athletes from 133 countries.
The Belarusian Shooting Sports Federation (http://bssf-shooting.by/) is a member of the ISSF. The Federation, in addition to the development and promotion of pistol, rifle and trap in Belarus, draws up licenses for the repair, restoration and export of sporting and hunting weapons to international competitions, as well as overseeing the acquisition and sale of sporting and hunting weapons and ammunition.
Belarusian shooters successfully performed at the First European Games, held in 2015 in the Azerbaijani capital Baku.
Vitaly Bubnovich won the gold medal (10 m rifle shooting from a prone position) and the bronze medal (50 m rifle shooting from three positions).
Sergey Martynov (50 m rifle shooting from a prone position) and Victoria Chaika (10 m air pistol shooting) won the bronze medals.
Gold and bronze medals:
Vitaly Bubnovich
http://www.noc.by
Born November 12, 1974, Grodno.
Master of Sports of the Republic of Belarus of international class.
Participant of four Olympic Games (2004–2016), silver medalist of the World Cup 2014, silver medalist of the European Championship 2016, European champion 2017.
Bronze medals:
Sergey Martynov
http://www.noc.by
Born May 18, 1968.
Honored Master of Sports of the Republic of Belarus.
In 2012, he was awarded the Order of the Fatherland III degree.
Olympic champion in 2012, bronze medalist of the 2000 and 2004 Olympic Games, multiple world and European champion.
One of the 132 athletes who participated in the Olympics 6 times (1988 and 1996–2012).
6 times for 15 years he repeated the absolute world record (600 points) in rifle shooting at 50 m from a prone position (1997, 1998, 2000, 2005, 2006, 2012).
Victoria Chaika
https://www.sb.by
Born December 26, 1980.
Master of Sports of the Republic of Belarus of international class.
Participant of three Olympic Games (2004, 2008, 2012), European champion in 2010, winner of the world championships.
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